Preventative Services Task Force from to And as a co-founder of the Midwest Nursing Research Society, she has served as a trustee of its foundation since Following her retirement as an active professor, she devotes her time as an adviser for health research nationally and internationally.
She shares her knowledge and experiences to improve the nursing profession further. As regards health promotion, Nola Pender has written and issued various articles on exercise, behavior change, and relaxation training. She also has served on editorial boards and as an editor for journals and books.
Pender is also known as a scholar, presenter, and consultant in health promotion. By contributing leadership as a consultant to research centers and giving scholar consultations, Pender resumes influencing nursing.
She also collaborates with the American Journal of Health Promotion editor, promoting legislation to support health promotion research. Pender has received numerous recognitions and awards that include the Distinguished Alumni Award from Michigan State University School of Nursing.
The award has only been awarded to nurses who have made outstanding contributions to the profession. Pender was the president of the academy from to Have you ever noticed advertisements in malls, grocery stores, or schools that advocate healthy eating or regular exercise? The Health Promotion Model, developed by nursing theorist Nola Pender, has provided healthcare a new path. According to Nola J. Pender, Health Promotion and Disease Prevention should focus on health care. When health promotion and prevention fail to anticipate predicaments and problems, care in illness becomes the subsequent priority.
The Health Promotion Model notes that each person has unique personal characteristics and experiences that affect subsequent actions. The set of variables for behavioral specific knowledge and effect have important motivational significance.
These variables can be modified through nursing actions. Health-promoting behavior is the desired behavioral outcome and is the endpoint in the Health Promotion Model. Health-promoting behaviors should result in improved health, enhanced functional ability, and better quality of life at all development stages. The final behavioral demand is also influenced by the immediate competing demand and preferences, which can derail intended health-promoting actions. It has been used for nursing research, education, and practice.
Applying this nursing theory and the body of knowledge that has been collected through observation and research, nurses are in the top profession to enable people to improve their well-being with self-care and positive health behaviors.
Its purpose is to help nurses know and understand the major determinants of health behaviors as a foundation for behavioral counseling to promote well-being and healthy lifestyles. It describes the multi-dimensional nature of persons as they interact within the environment to pursue health.
The model focuses on the following three areas: individual characteristics and experiences, behavior-specific cognitions and affect, and behavioral outcomes. Health promotion is defined as behavior motivated by the desire to increase well-being and actualize human health potential.
It is an approach to wellness. On the other hand, health protection or illness prevention is described as behavior motivated desire to actively avoid illness, detect it early, or maintain functioning within illness constraints.
Individual characteristics and experiences prior related behavior and personal factors. Behavior-specific cognitions and affect perceived benefits of action, perceived barriers to action, perceived self-efficacy, activity-related affect, interpersonal influences, and situational influences.
Behavioral outcomes commitment to a plan of action, immediate competing demands and preferences, and health-promoting behavior. Personal factors are categorized as biological, psychological, and socio-cultural. The judgment of personal capability to organize and execute a health-promoting behavior. Subjective positive or negative feeling occurs before, during, and following behavior based on the stimulus properties of the behavior itself. Activity-related affect influences perceived self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater its efficacy.
In turn, increased feelings of efficacy can generate a further positive affect. Cognition concerning behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of others. Interpersonal influences include norms expectations of significant others , social support instrumental and emotional encouragement , and modeling vicarious learning through observing others engaged in a particular behavior.
Primary sources of interpersonal influences are families, peers, and healthcare providers. They influence self-efficacy, which means the more positive the subjective feeling, the greater the feeling of efficacy. In turn, increased feelings of efficacy can generate further positive affect.
Interpersonal influences are cognition-concerning behaviors, beliefs, or attitudes of the others. Interpersonal influences include: norms expectations of significant others , social support instrumental and emotional encouragement and modeling vicarious learning through observing others engaged in a particular behavior. Primary sources of interpersonal influences are families, peers, and healthcare providers. Situational influences are personal perceptions and cognitions that can facilitate or impede behavior.
They include perceptions of options available, as well as demand characteristics and aesthetic features of the environment in which given health promoting is proposed to take place. Situational influences may have direct or indirect influences on health behavior. Within the behavioral outcome, there is a commitment to a plan of action, which is the concept of intention and identification of a planned strategy that leads to implementation of health behavior.
Competing demands are those alternative behaviors over which individuals have low control because there are environmental contingencies such as work or family care responsibilities. Competing preferences are alternative behavior over which individuals exert relatively high control.
Health-promoting behavior is the endpoint or action outcome directed toward attaining a positive health outcome such as optimal well-being, personal fulfillment, and productive living. Pender's Health Promotion Model. The Health Promotion Model makes four assumptions: Individuals seek to actively regulate their own behavior.
Individuals, in all their biopsychosocial complexity, interact with the environment, progressively transforming the environment as well as being transformed over time. Health professionals, such as nurses, constitute a part of the interpersonal environment, which exerts influence on people through their life span.
Self-initiated reconfiguration of the person-environment interactive patterns is essential to changing behavior. The statements are: Prior behavior and inherited and acquired characteristics influence beliefs, affect, and enactment of health-promoting behavior. Persons commit to engaging in behaviors from which they anticipate deriving personally valued benefits. Perceived barriers can constrain commitment to action, a mediator of behavior as well as actual behavior.
Perceived competence or self-efficacy to execute a given behavior increases the likelihood of commitment to action and actual performance of the behavior. Greater perceived self-efficacy results in fewer perceived barriers to a specific health behavior. Positive affect toward a behavior results in greater perceived self-efficacy, which can in turn, result in increased positive affect.
When positive emotions or affect are associated with a behavior, the probability of commitment and action is increased. Persons are more likely to commit to and engage in health-promoting behaviors when significant others model the behavior, expect the behavior to occur, and provide assistance and support to enable the behavior. Families, peers, and health care providers are important sources of interpersonal influence that can increase or decrease commitment to and engagement in health-promoting behavior.
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